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Closure

A closure is function that closes over its environment. It has access to the state of the environment, but the variables inside the closure are private.

Example:

(function (){
  var scopeVar = 'Hello';

  (function closure(){
    var closureVar = ' World';
    console.log(scopeVar + closureVar);    
  })();
})();

scopeVar is accessible inside the outer and the inner function, but closureVar is only accessible inside the inner function.